SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
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Biography - Swami Vivekananda
Biography of Swami Vivekananda
In 1897, Swami Vivekananda arrived in America as an anonymous and penniless sannyasin (wandering monk). He had travelled to America as a representative of Hinduism and the ancient Indian tradition of Vedanta. Yet Vivekananda was not bound by any formal ties of religion; to the World Parliament of Religions he offered a message of a shared spirituality and the harmony of world religions. This universal message and his dynamic spiritual personality won the hearts and minds of many seekers; and his vision is still treasured today.
“I am proud to belong to a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance. We believe not only in universal toleration, but we accept all religions as true."
- Swami Vivekananda 11th September, 1898, World Parliament of Religions
Early Life of Vivekananda
Vivekananda was born to an orthodox Hindu family in Bengal 1863. From an early age, he displayed signs of great compassion and also the qualities of a natural leader. Vivekananda had a sharp intellect and devoured literature from both East and West this included Western philosophy and the great English poets. Vivekananda particularly liked the rational reasoning of the West and was easily dismayed by many of the religious superstitions and the cultural decline that Indian society found itself in. From this background Vivekananda was drawn to join the Brahmo Samaj. The Brahmo Samaj was a modern Hindu movement who sought to revitalise Indian life and spirituality through a rationalistic approach and abandonment of image worship.
However the rationality of the Brahmo Samaj could not satisfy the latent spiritual hunger of Vivekananda. From an early age he began to have spiritual experiences and at the age of 18 felt an overwhelming desire to “See God”. With a directness that was typical of Vivekananda he asked those around whether they had seen God. All affirmed in the negative. This included the great Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore) However Devendranath told Vivekananda that he saw in him the eyes of a Yogi and surely he would realise God in this lifetime. Although none could satisfy his question, he came to hear of the name Ramakrishna Paramhansa who was reputed to be a great spiritual personality and had realised God.
Ramakrishna - Vivekananda
In many ways Ramakrishna was different to Vivekananda. Ramakrishna was an illiterate and simple villager who had taken a post at a local Kali temple. However his simple exterior hid a personality of extraordinary spirituality. For many years Ramakrishna had pursued the most intense spiritual practices burning with a longing for realisation of his beloved Mother Kali. But after attaining realisation, Ramakrishna not only practised Hindu rituals, but also pursued the spiritual paths of all the main religions. Sri Ramakrishna came to the conclusion that all religions lead to the same goal of union with the infinite. It was thus fitting that his closest disciple, Vivekananda would later eloquently spread this message, - the harmony of world religions. As Sri Aurobindo would later say:
" the Master (Sri Ramakrishna) marked out Vivekananda as the heroic soul destined to take the world between his two hands and change it."
Ramakrishna instantly recognised the spiritual potential of Vivekananda and lavished attention on Vivekananda, who at first did not always understand this. In the beginning the reasoning mind of Vivekananda was sceptical of this God intoxicated Saint, and Vivekananda would frequently question and debate his teachings. However, the spiritual magnetism of Sri Ramakrishna soon melted Vivekananda’s heart and he began to experience the real spirituality that Ramakrishna exuded. Thus Vivekananda's mental opposition faded away to be replaced by an intense surrender to the Divine Mother and a burning longing for realisation.
For a short but intense period of about 5 years, Vivekananda learnt directly from his Master Sri Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna was able to awaken the dormant spiritual consciousness in his beloved disciple and Vivekananda soon began to experience profound states of consciousness and Samadhi. Yet, after experiencing the bliss of samadhi, Vivekananda asked his Master for the boon to continually experience the ecstasy of Nirvana. However, his Guru, replied: “I thought you had been born for something greater, my boy!”
After the passing of Ramakrishna, the other disciples looked to Vivekananda for leadership and he helped form the first monastic order of Ramakrishna. Under his constant guidance he urged his fellow brother disciples to renounce the world and seek communion with God.
However for Vivekananda, personal liberation was not enough. His heart ached for the downtrodden masses of India who suffered poverty and many hardships. Vivekananda felt that the highest ideal was to serve God through serving humanity. Thus Vivekananda would later add social work as an important element of the Ramakrishna order.
"Do you think these sannyasi children of Sri Ramakrishna are born to simply to sit under trees lighting dhuni-fires? Whenever any of them will take up some work, people will be astonished to see their energy. Learn from them how to work. "- Swami Vivekananda[1]
Thus after spending a few years in meditation Vivekananda began travelling throughout India, visiting many of the holy sites. After travelling through India and coming into contact with many influential figures, it was suggested that Vivekananda would make an ideal candidate to represent Hinduism at the World Parliament of Religions which was shortly to be held in Chicago, USA. Before leaving Vivekananda went to receive the blessings of Sarada Devi, the wife of Sri Ramakrishna. After receiving her encouragement and blessings he made the momentous journey to America dressed in his ochre robe and maintaining the vows of a Sanyasin.
Vivekananda – World Parliament of Religions.
Vivekananda at the Parliament of World ReligionsAt the opening ceremony Vivekananda was one of the last speakers to speak. The previous speakers had talked about the merits of their own religion but Vivekananda appealed to the whole audience with his vision of oneness and equality before God. (see Speech to Parliament)
His opening words began with:
“Brother and Sisters of America.” … Spontaneously the audience rose to its feet to applaud, appreciating the visionary sentiments Vivekananda offered. He continued. "It fills my heart with joy unspeakable to rise in response to the warm and cordial welcome which you have given us...."
Swami Vivekananda was chosen to represent Hinduism. However Swami Vivekananda did not try in any way to prove the superiority of his religion. Instead Vivekananda spoke with great sincerity about the harmony of world religions and the common spirituality of humanity. It was this universal message of oneness which captivated the audience.
“As different streams, having their sources in different places, all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee.”
Video of Swami Vivekananda's Speech to World Parliament of Religions 1893
Vivekananda proved to be an eloquent exponent of Vedanta and the ideals of all religions. In addition people felt in this handsome and striking Monk a calm detachment, a luminous personality and radiant spirituality. Unexpectedly Vivekananda proved to be the star of the World Parliament of Religions
The New York Herald said of Vivekananda.
“He is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation.”
The Boston Evening Post said.
“If he (Vivekananda) merely crosses the platform he is applauded; and this marked approval of thousands he accepts in a childlike spirit of gratification without a trace of conceit…”
Throughout the conference Vivekananda was undoubtedly the star, the organisers would save Vivekananda to the end to make sure the audience would stay to listen.
The conference propelled Vivekananda into the public eye and for many months he travelled across America giving talks on the ancient tradition of Vedanta and his hope of fusing the spirituality of the East with the materialism of the West.
In America Vivekananda also began training some close students so they could propagate the teachings of Vedanta. He was able to start small centres in both the US and Great Britain. Vivekananda admitted he entered Britain with deep misgivings since his heart rebelled at the effects of the British Empire on his beloved Motherland. However he was delighted to find some individuals who were sincerely attracted to the teachings of Vedanta. One notable example was Miss Margaret Noble (later named Nivedita), originally from Ireland, Nivedita was to became a devoted disciple who would dedicate her life to the Indian people)
After several years in the West, Vivekananda returned to India where he was met with a rapturous reception. In particular, his brother monks who were full of pride with Vivekananda who had returned with glowing praise. Despite falling health Vivekananda threw himself into a whirlpool of activity reorganising the monasteries and exhorting his fellow Indians to return to the truth of the Vedantic principles. But also Vivekananda sought to imbibe in the Indian consciousness a renewed dynamism to improve their material life. As Vivekananda often said, it was no use teaching religion to those with empty stomachs. Swami Vivekanada had a great love for India.
"I loved my motherland dearly before I went to America and England. After my return, every particle of dust of this land seems sacred to me"
As well as teaching the benefits of selfless service and encouraging greater dynamism, he also never lost sight of the ultimate goal in life, which was to become one with God.
"Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and everything shall be added unto you." This is the one great duty, this is renunciation. Live for an ideal, and leave no place in the mind for anything else. Let us put forth all our energies to acquire that which never fails--our spiritual perfection. "- Swami Vivekananda
Vivekananda passed away at the young age of 39 but he achieved a remarkable amount in this short time on earth. He combined the ancient spiritual traditions of India with the dynamism of the West. Many Indian politicians would later offer their gratitude to the impact and ideals of Vivekananda. To many Vivekananda is regarded as the patron saint of modern India.
- Jawaharlal Nehru wrote:
"His whole life and teaching inspired my generation."
- Mahatma Gandhi on Vivekananda:
"after having gone through [his works], the love that I had for my country became a thousandfold."
Sri Chinmoy, on Vivekananda:
"The disciple of Sri Ramakrishna was a live spring of spiritual force. No hyperbole, he was the Recoverer and Vivifier of the submerged soul of India. It was with his Master’s immortal teachings that he vitalised the sinews of India and illumined her darkened soul. " [ref]
| Vivekananda: A Biography Swami Nikhilananda. An absorbing biography of Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902). With 28 photographs and Appendix containing important teachings. |
Born: January 12, 1863Died: July 4, 1902
Achievements: Played a major role in spiritual enlightenment of Indian masses; Spread Vedanta philosophy in the West; established Ramakrishna Mission for the service of the poor.
Swami Vivekananda was one of the most influential spiritual leaders of Vedanta philosophy. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahansa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. Swami Vivekananda was the living embodiment of sacrifice and dedicated his life to the country and yearned for the progress of the poor, the helpless and the downtrodden. He showed a beacon of light to a nation that had lost faith in its ability under British rule and inspired self-confidence among Indians that they are second to none. His ringing words and masterful oratory galvanized the slumbering nation.
Swami Vivekananda real name was Narendranath Dutta. He was born on January12, 1863 in Calcutta. His father's name was Vishwanath Dutta and his mother's name Bhuvaneswari Devi. Narendranath acquired the name of Swami Vivekananda when he became a monk.
As a child Narendra was very lively and naughty. He was good in studies as well as in games. He studied instrumental and vocal music and also practiced meditation from a very early age. Even when Narendra was young he questioned the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based on caste and religion. As a child Narendra had great respect for sanyasis (ascetics). He would give away anything to anybody if asked for. Whenever a beggar asked for alms, he would give him anything he had. Thus from childhood Narendra had the spirit of sacrifice and renunciation.
In 1879, Narendra passed matriculation and entered Presidency College, Calcutta. After one year, he joined the Scottish Church College, Calcutta and studied philosophy. He studied western logic, western philosophy and history of European nations. As he advanced in his studies, his thinking faculty developed. Doubts regarding existence of God started to arise in Narendra's mind. This made him associate with the Brahmo Samaj, an important religious movement of the time, led by Keshab Chandra Sen. But the Samaj's congregational prayers and devotional songs could not satisfy Narendra's zeal to realise God.
During this time Narendra came to know of Sri Ramakrishna Pramahans of Dakshineswar. Sri Ramakrishna was a priest in the temple of Goddess Kali. He was not a scholar. But he was a great devotee. It was being said of him that he had realized God. Once, Narendra went to Dakshineswar to with his friends see him. He asked Ramakrishna, whether he had seen God. The instantaneous answer from Ramakrishna was, "Yes, I have seen God, just as I see you here, only in a more clear sense." Narendra was astounded and puzzled. He could feel the man's words were honest and uttered from depths of experience. He started visiting Ramakrishna frequently.
It was in Narendra's nature to test something thoroughly before he could accept it. He would not accept Ramakrishna as his guru without a test. Ramakrishna used to say that, in order to realize God, one should give up the desire for money and women. One day Narendra hid a rupee under his pillow. Sri Ramakrishna, who had gone out, came into the room and stretched himself on the cot. At once he jumped up as if bitten by a scorpion. When he shook the mattress, the rupee coin fell down. Later he came to know that it was the doing of Narendra. Narendra accepted Sri Ramakrishna as his guru and took training under him for five years in the Advaita Vedanta, the philosophy of non-dualism. Sri Ramakrishna passed away in 1886 and nominated Narendra as his successor. After his death Narendra and a core group of Ramakrishna's disciples took vows to become monks and renounce everything, andstarted living in a supposedly haunted house in Baranagore.
In 1890, Narendra set out on a long journey. He covered the length and breadth of the country. He visited Varanasi, Ayodhya, Agra, Vrindavan, Alwar etc. Narendra acquired the name of Swami Vivekananda during the journey. It is said that he was given the name Vivekananda by Maharaja of Khetri for his discrimination of things, good and bad. During his journey, Vivekananda stayed at king's palaces, as well as at the huts of the poor. He came in close contact with the cultures of different regions of India and various classes of people in India. Vivekananda observed the imbalance in society and tyranny in the name of caste. He realised the need for a national rejuvenation if India was to survive at all.
Swami Vivekananda reached Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of the Indian subcontinent on December24, 1892. He swam across the sea and started meditating on a lone rock. He meditated for three days and said later that he meditated about the past, present and future of India. The rock is presently popular as Vivekananda memorial and is a major tourist destination.
In 1893, Swami Vivekananda went to America to attend the Conference of World Religions in Chicago. He earned wild applause for beginning his address with the famous words, "Sisters and brothers of America." Swamiji mesmerized everyone in America with his masterful oratory. Wherever he went, he dwelt at length on the greatness of Indian Culture. He spoke with spontaneous ease on every topic, be it History, Sociology, Philosophy or Literature. He deplored the malicious propaganda that had been unleashed by the Christian missionaries in India. Swami Vivekananda also went to England. Many people became his disciples. Most famous among them was Margaret Nivedita'. She came to India and settled here.
Swami Vivekananda returned to India in 1897 after four years of touring in the West. He started disseminating the message of spiritual development among Indians. He realized that social service was possible only through the concerted efforts on an organized mission. To achieve this objective, Swami Vivekananda started Sri Ramakrishna Mission in 1897 and formulated its ideology and goal. During the next two years he bought a site at Belur on the banks of the Ganga, constructed the buildings and established the Ramakrishna Mutt. He once again toured the West from January 1899 to December 1900.
Swami Vivekananda died on July4, 1902 at Belur Mutt near Calcutta.
Colors of India : Swami Vivekananda |
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) is one of the most inspiring personalities of India, who did a lot to make India a better place to live in. within a short span of time, he achieved a lot and went a long way in serving humans. He was the principal disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Well, in this article, we will provide you with the Swami Vivekananda biography that will give you valuable insight into the life history of Vivekananda.It is Swami Vivekananda who can be attributed the credit for laying the foundation for the establishment of Ramakrishna mission and math that are actively involved in carrying out philanthropic works. The national day that is celebrated on the 12th of January every year is dedicated to Swami Vivekananda, as it is on this day that this impressive personality was born. His influence led to the introduction of Vedanta philosophy in America and England.
His efforts were acknowledged even by the noted Indian leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose. Subhash Chandra Bose called him "the maker of modern India". According to Gandhiji, it was the influence of Swami Vivekananda that his love for his country increased thousand fold. He deserves a major credit for giving the nation a modern vision. His influence led to the introduction of Vedanta philosophy in America and England. Read on to know the complete story of Swami Vivekanand.
Life
Before turning into a monastic, Vivekananda was called by the name Narendranath Dutta. He was born as the son of Viswanath Dutta & Bhuvaneswari Devi on the January 12, 1863 in Shimla Pally, Kolkata, West Bengal. This precocious child started meditating at a very early age. Even as a child, he was an all rounder. He was outstanding at studies, games and other extra curricular activities. In the year 1879, he joined the Presidency College for pursuing higher studies. After one year, he learnt philosophy from the Scottish Church College, Calcutta. It was in this college that he got to know about Sri Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar.
Ramakrishna Mission
The Rama Krishna mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda, the chief disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa on the 1st of May in the year 1897. The Vivekananda Ramakrishna mission is actively involved in the missionary as well as altruistic works such as disaster relief. The disciples that are serving the mission consist of both monastic and householder. Its headquarters are based near Kolkata, India. More…
Philosophy
Swami Vivekananda was a great social reformer and a very inspiring personality. He was the pride of India. He made an immense contribution to purify the souls of people. He always said that God dwells inside every heart. He was of the opinion that, a person who cannot see God in poor and unhealthy people, but claims to see God in the idol, is not a true worshipper. More…
Vivekananda Works
He compiled a number of books on the four Yogas, namely Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga. His best literary works include the letters written by him, which have a lot of spiritual value. He maintained a very simple style of writing, so that the laymen, for whom the message is meant, are able to understand his each and every word. He was not just actively involved in writing, but also was a great singer and composed several songs.
On July 4, 1902, at a young age of 39, this great man headed his way for heaven.
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA'S inspiring personality was well known both in India and in America during the last decade of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. The unknown monk of India suddenly leapt into fame at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago in 1893, at which he represented Hinduism. His vast knowledge of Eastern and Western culture as well as his deep spiritual insight, fervid eloquence, brilliant conversation, broad human sympathy, colourful personality, and handsome figure made an irresistible appeal to the many types of Americans who came in contact with him. People who saw or heard Vivekananda even once still cherish his memory after a lapse of more than half a century.
In America Vivekananda's mission was the interpretation of India's spiritual culture, especially in its Vedantic setting. He also tried to enrich the religious consciousness of the Americans through the rational and humanistic teachings of the Vedanta philosophy. In America he became India's spiritual ambassador and pleaded eloquently for better understanding between India and the New World in order to create a healthy synthesis of East and West, of religion and science.
In his own motherland Vivekananda is regarded as the patriot saint of modern India and an inspirer of her dormant national consciousness, To the Hindus he preached the ideal of a strength-giving and man-making religion. Service to man as the visible manifestation of the Godhead was the special form of worship he advocated for the Indians, devoted as they were to the rituals and myths of their ancient faith. Many political leaders of India have publicly acknowledged their indebtedness to Swami Vivekananda.
The Swami's mission was both national and international. A lover of mankind, he strove to promote peace and human brotherhood on the spiritual foundation of the Vedantic Oneness of existence. A mystic of the highest order, Vivekananda had a direct and intuitive experience of Reality. He derived his ideas from that unfailing source of wisdom and often presented them in the soulstirring language of poetry.
The natural tendency of Vivekananda's mind, like that of his Master, Ramakrishna, was to soar above the world and forget itself in contemplation of the Absolute. But another part of his personality bled at the sight of human suffering in East and West alike. It might appear that his mind seldom found a point of rest in its oscillation between contemplation of God and service to man. Be that as it may, he chose, in obedience to a higher call, service to man as his mission on earth; and this choice has endeared him to people in the West, Americans in particular.
In the course of a short life of thirty-nine years (1863-1902), of which only ten were devoted to public activities-and those, too, in the midst of acute physical suffering-he left for posterity his four classics: Jnana-Yoga, Bhakti-Yoga, Karma-Yoga, and Raja-Yoga, all of which are outstanding treatises on Hindu philosophy. In addition, he delivered innumerable lectures, wrote inspired letters in his own hand to his many friends and disciples, composed numerous poems, and acted as spiritual guide to the many seekers, who came to him for instruction. He also organized the Ramakrishna Order of monks, which is the most outstanding religious organization of modern India. It is devoted to the propagation of the Hindu spiritual culture not only in the Swami's native land, but also in America and in other parts of the world.
Swami Vivekananda once spoke of himself as a "condensed India." His life and teachings are of inestimable value to the West for an understanding of the mind of Asia. William James, the Harvard philosopher, called the Swami the "paragon of Vedantists." Max Muller and Paul Deussen, the famous Orientalists of the nineteenth century, held him in genuine respect and affection. "His words," writes Romain Rolland, "are great music, phrases in the style of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Handel choruses. I cannot touch these sayings of his, scattered as they are through the pages of books, at thirty years' distance, without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And what shocks, what transports, must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero!''
Vivekananda was fond of ice-cream: biography
New Delhi: Swami Vivekananda, the 20th century visionary and founder of the Ramakrishna Mission, loved lentils, especially the 'kalai', a traditional Bengali variety cooked with fennel, salt, slit green chillies and a pinch of turmeric.Many a time, he appealed to those who were close to him to cook "kalaier dal" for him, says one of West Bengal's top contemporary writers Sankar, or Manisankar Mukherjee, in his new non-fiction "The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda". However, the monk advised "his followers to eat the watery part of the 'dal' like the way South Indians do". The lentils were difficult to digest, Vivekananda observed.
"But in spite of the hellishly cold weather, he chose ice-cream and liked it very much," the writer says.
There are comedies of errors with ice-cream too, Sankar comments.
Once after a lecture, Vivekananda invited "eight of his friends for ice-cream." They walked along Powell Road in San Francisco and came to a cafe.
"Vivekananda ordered ice-cream for everyone. Perhaps the waitress was inexperienced or misunderstood his accent. She brought them ice-cream soda. Vivekananda did not like ice-cream soda and asked if the bottles could be returned," the writer says. The manager was annoyed and scolded the waitress.
The monk called the manager and said, "If you scold the girl, I will drink up all the ice-cream at once." According to Sankar, Vivekananda was once heard to have enthused over an ice cream: "Ah, food for the gods".
The 20th century visionary from Bengal, who inspired millions of young people across the world with his secular views on religion and progressive philosophy was intuitive about food. The intuition often verged on an obsession with purity.
In his writings on Bhakti-yoga, Swami Vivekananda refers to the commentary on Bhagwan Ramanuja on impure and pure food. He says three things make food impure: jaati dosha - the impurity in the nature of the food itself like onions and garlic which excite nerves and addle brains; ashraya dosha - impurity arising out of contact with an impure person, and nimitta dosha - impure food because of impurities like worms, hair or dirt in them.
Sankar brings interesting observations made by the seer in his book. Vivekananda once told his disciple Sarat Chandra that "one who cannot cook cannot be a great monk". His disciple, native of East Bengal, had once cooked the monk a "Bangal" platter of "rice, munger dal (lentils), koi macher jhol (koi fish curry), maccher tak (tangy fish) and maccher shuktuni (bitter fish with vegetables)".
Vivekananda said he had never tasted anything like it before, Sankar says.
A few days before his premature death at the age of 39 from ill health, Vivekananda was found "gleefully eating chanachur (a hot and spicy mix of chickpeas and nuts) from a saal leaf at Ahiritola in north Kolkata on the bank of Ganges".
It was around the same time, he expressed his desire to eat "phuluri" or munchies.
His disciples brought out the pot, lit the stove, poured the oil and the monk "became the munchie (phuluri) seller frying chick pea paste in the oil as he called out to his customers (disciples) to eat".
On July 4, 1902, Vivekananda lunched on "hilsa" fish curry, rice, fried vegetables and a tangy dip (ambol). At 9.30 p.m., after a day of prayer, banter and meditation, he died of a heart attack.
The book, which probes the simple childlike man behind Narendranath Dutta alias Swami Vivekananda, has been published by Penguin-India. It is priced Rs.299.
(born Jan. 12, 1863, Calcutta—died July 4, 1902, Calcutta) Hindu spiritual leader and reformer who attempted to combine Indian spirituality with Western material progress, maintaining that the two supplemented and complemented one another. His Absolute was man's own higher self; to labour for the benefit of mankind was the noblest endeavour.
Born into an upper-middle-class Kyastha family in Bengal, he was educated at a Western-style university where he was exposed to Western philosophy, Christianity, and science. Social reform was given a prominent place in Vivekananda's thought, and he joined the Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahm), dedicated to eliminating child marriage and illiteracy and determined to spread education among women and the lower castes. He later became the most notable disciple of Ramakrishna, who demonstrated the essential unity of all religions. Always stressing the universal and humanistic side of the Vedas as well as belief in service rather than dogma, Vivekananda attempted to infuse vigour into Hindu thought, placing less emphasis on the prevailing pacifism and presenting Hindu spirituality to the West. He was an activating force behind the Vednta (interpretation of the Upaniads) movement in the United States and England. In 1893 he appeared in Chicago as a spokesman for Hinduism at the World's Parliament of Religions and so captivated the assembly that a newspaper account described him as “an orator by divine right and undoubtedly the greatest figure at the Parliament.” Thereafter he lectured throughout the United States and England, making converts to the Vednta movement.
On his return to India with a small group of Western disciples in 1897, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission ( q.v.) at the monastery of Belur Math on the Ganges River near Calcutta. Self-perfection and service were his ideals, and the order continued to stress them. He adapted and made relevant to the 20th century the very highest ideals of the Vedntic religion, and although he lived only two years into that century he left the mark of his personality on East and West alike.
A selection of books by or about Vivekananda generally available from Vedanta societies or from booksellers worldwide. Want to order books on-line? Those from India and other Asian countries click here. Others click here.
Biographical Works
- Vivekananda: A Biography Swami Nikhilananda A comprehensive bibliography with 28 photographs and an appendix containing some of his most important statements on religion and philosophy.The Life of Swami Vivekananda His Eastern and Western Disciples The most extensive biography of the Swami in English, revised and enlarged, incorporating new materials and largely rewritten. Two vols. Hardback. The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel Romain Rolland and E.F. Malcom-Smith, tr. Companion volume to Rolland's Life of Ramakrishna. An appreciative presentation of Vivekananda's universal message. Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda His Eastern and Western Admirers The impressions of friends, disciples, and acquaintances of both East and West are collected here, revealing many facets of his personality. A Short Life of Swami Vivekananda Swami Tejasananda A good introductory biography. The Master as I Saw Him Sister Nivedita Written by Swami Vivekananda's renowned Irish disciple, Margaret Noble, this study is based on her personal association with him (1895-1902). A classic in its own time, it tells of the impact made by him. Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda Sister Nivedita A pilgrimage to the Himalayas, with glimpses of the training of this great Western disciple. Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries Marie Lousie Burke Swami Vivekananda spent a number of years teaching and lecturing in the West. Some details of those pioneering years were known, many were not until the research by the author. Six vols. Swami Vivekananda in San Francisco Swami Ashokananda An overview of how Swami Vivekananda came to San Francisco and what he accomplished there. Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda Shailendranath Dhar A thorough biographical study by a respected historian and devoted student of Swami's life, times and works. 2 vols. Hardback. Vivekananda: A Biography in Pictures Swami Chetanananda A biographical album containing 170 photographs arranged chronologically, including persons and places significant in the Swami's life. Vivekananda: East Meets West, A Pictorial Biography Swami Chetanananda This new pictorial biography is a celebration of the centenary of Vivekananda's coming to the West and of his universal message of Vedanta. Hardback. Vivekananda: The Man and His Message His Eastern and Western Disciples Restored portions of the four volume first biography of Swami Vivekananda (published 1914-1918) as well as new material.
Teachings
- The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Eight vols. Paperback/Hardback.Vivekananda, the Yogas and Other Works Swami Nikhilananda, ed. Includes the major works of Vivekananda: Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Inspired Talks, as well as selected lectures, poems, and letters. A detailed biography of the Swami introduces the collection. Four vols. Paperback. Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga Two paths to union with the Infinite: through selfless action (karma yoga) and through the heart (bhakti yoga). Paperback. Jnana Yoga The path of knowledge which leads to realization of the oneness of the individual soul with the Supreme Soul. Raja Yoga The science of concentration of mind and meditation as a means to experiencing spiritual reality directly. A translation of Patanjali's Yoga Aphorisms with commentary by Swami. Inspired Talks Informal class talks given to a select group of American disciples at Thousand Island Park in the summer of 1895. Lectures from Colombo to Almora Lectures given on the Swami's triumphal return from the West, calling the Indian nation to action. Selections from Swami Vivekananda A collection of lectures, conversations, letters, poems, and other writings which gives an overview of Swami's thought. Teachings of Swami Vivekananda A valuable collection gathered from lectures, conversations, and writings, arranged by topic. Annotated. Vedanta Voice of Freedom Swami Chetanananda, ed. An inspiring new introduction to the thought of Swami Vivekananda in Vivekananda's own words. With glossary and illustrations. Paperback/Hardcover. Living at the Source: Yoga Teachings of Vivekananda Ann Myren and Dorothy Madison, eds. Selections from the writings and talks of Swami Vivekananda which speak directly to the concerns of contemporary men and women. Letters of Swami Vivekananda More than two hundred letters to his brother disciples, friends, and followers giving an intimate glimpse into the Swami's mind, heart and work. Talks with Swami Vivekananda Sarat Chandra Chakravarty Conversations recorded by a close householder disciple, Sarat Chandra Chakravarty, from 1897 to 1902. A lively and wide-ranging book. Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda Swami Chetanananda. ed. Teachings on meditation, its philosophy and practice, extracted from Swami Vivekananda's collected writings. What Religion Is In the Words of Swami Vivekananda Swami Vidyatmananda, ed. The essence of Swamiji's message taken from the collected works. A skillful condensation. Paperback.
Related Works
- Western Women in the Footsteps of Swami Vivekananda Pravrajika Atmaprana, ed. Articles commemorating the courage and vision of the Western women who recognized Swami's greatness and helped him in his mission.Facets of Vivekananda Swami Shraddhananda and others Collected articles from Vedanta Kesari published in honor of Swami's 125th birth anniversary. Involved in Mankind Marcus Toyne A distillation of Swami's message as it relates to the current world situation. Swami Vivekananda Studies in the Soviet Union Harish C. Gupta, tr. A translation of essays by Russian scholar-specialists, published by the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture on the 150th birth anniversary of Sri Ramakrishna. Tantine: The Life of Joesephine MacLeod Pravrajika Prabuddhaprana Gives a view of Swamji through the eyes of a close friend, Tantine. Vivekananda: His Gospel of Man-Making Swami Jyotirmayananda A comprehensive study of Swami Vivekananda's life, his teachings, and his times. Includes tributes, a chronicle of important events which took place during his lifetime, and 80 photographs of Swami, chronologically arranged. The Four Yogas of Swami Vivekananda, Condensed and Retold Swami Tapasyananda A condensation which gives the new student an introduction and the experienced student a refresher course.
Living at the Source:
Yoga Teachings of Vivekananda 
"How good is it to have this important, wisely selected collection of Vivekananda's essential writing. His stirring voice resounds through its pages, from cover to cover."
- HUSTON SMITH, author of The World's Religions
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Swami Vivekananda Biography
Swami Vivekananda was born on January 12 1863. The biography of Swami Vivekananda revels that he was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa a mystic follower of Goddess Kali. He also founded the Ramankrishna Mission. From theSwami Vivekananda Biography profile we get to know that he was the one to introduce the philosophies of Hindu religion on the basis of Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and Africa.
Early Life
- Swami Vivekananda Biography profile tells us that he was born in Shimla Patty Calcutta in a Kayastha family. He was named Narendranath Dutta. Vishwanath Dutta his father was a lawyer in the Calcutta High court. His mother Bhuvaneshwari Devi wasa religious lady.
- Narendranath was interested in a variety of subjects like philosophy, religion, history, the social sciences, arts and literature. He also read spiritual texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagvad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata and the Puranas. He also took training in classical music.
- The biography of Swami Vivekananda reveals that he started his education at home and later attended the Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Institution in 1871. He passed his matriculation from Presidency College Calcutta in 1879. He also studied about western philosophy and European history. He also joined the Brahmo samaj.
- Swami Vivekananda biography profile reveals that he met Ramakrishna in 1881 and it changed his life.
Achievements
- After the death of Shri Ramakrishna he a fellowship at Baranagar which was the first Matha or monastery of the Ramakrishna order.
- In 1888 the biography of Swami Vivekananda points out that he left the monastery and became wandering monk. He visited northern India, western India the Himalayas and South India and spread his beliefs. Later he also visited Japan and the west
- Swami Vivekananda Biography profile divulges that raised awareness and brought Hinduism on the forefront as the major religion in the world during the 19th century. He also contributed in the revival of Hinduism in modern India.
- The biography of Swami Vivekananda states that his speech at the Parliament of World’s Religion at Chicago in 1893 which introduced Hinduism to the western world in a new light is spoken off till today.
- The Ramakrishna Math was founded on May1 1897. This was a socio-religious movement to spread the message of Shri Ramahrishna.
According to Swami Vivekananda biography profile he left this world on July 4 1902 while he was on meditation. He was the most prominent prophets of modern Hinduism.
Swami Vivekananda (Bangla: স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ, Hindi: स्वामी विवेकानन्द) (whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta Bangla: নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত, Hindi: नरेन्द्रनाथ दत्त) (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) is considered one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the Hindu religion. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered by many as an icon for his fearless courage, his positive exhortations to the youth, his broad outlook to social problems, and countless lectures and discourses on Vedanta philosophy.
Biography of Swami Vivekananda
Birth and Early life
Narendranath Dutta was born in Shimla Pally, Kolkata, West Bengal, India on 12 January 1863 as the son of Viswanath Dutta and Bhuvaneswari Devi. Even as he was young, he showed a precocious mind and keen memory. He practiced meditation from a very early age. While at school, he was good at studies, as well as games of various kinds. He organized an amateur theatrical company and a gymnasium and took lessons in fencing, wrestling, rowing and other sports. He also studied instrumental and vocal music. He was a leader among his group of friends. Even when he was young, he questioned the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based on caste and religion.
In 1879, Narendra entered the Presidency College, Calcutta for higher studies. After one year, he joined the Scottish Church College, Calcutta and studied philosophy. During the course, he studied western logic, western philosophy and history of European nations.
There started to arise questions about God and the presence of God in young Narendra's mind. This made him associate with the Brahmo Samaj, an important religious movement of the time, led by Keshab Chandra Sen. But the Samaj's congregational prayers and devotional songs could not satisfy Narendra's zeal to realize God. He would ask leaders of Brahma Samaj whether they have seen God. He never got a satisfying answer. It was during this time that Professor Hastie of Scottish Church College told him about Sri Ramakrishnaof Dakshineswar.
With Ramakrishna
Narendra met Ramakrishna for the first time in November 1881. He asked Ramakrishna the same old question, whether he had seen God. The instantaneous answer from Ramakrishna was, "Yes, I have seen God, just as I see you here, only in a more clear sense." Narendra was astounded and puzzled. He could feel the man's words were honest and uttered from depths of experience. He started visiting Ramakrishna frequently.
Though Narendra could not accept Ramakrishna and his visions, he could not neglect him. It had always been in Narendra's nature to test something thoroughly before he could accept it. He tested Ramakrishna to the maximum, but the master was patient, forgiving, humorous and full of love. He never asked Narendra to abandon reason, and he faced all of Narendra's arguments and examinations with infinite patience. In time, Narendra accepted Ramakrishna, and while he accepted, his acceptance was whole-hearted. While Ramakrishna predominantly taught duality and Bhakti to his other disciples, he taught Narendra the Advaita Vedanta, the philosophy of non-dualism.
During the course of five years of his training under Ramakrishna, Narendra was transformed from a restless, puzzled, impatient youth to a mature man who was ready to renounce everything for the sake of God-realization. Soon, Ramakrishna's passed away into Mahasamadhi in August 1886. After this Narendra and a core group of Ramakrishna's disciples took vows to become monks and renounce everything, and started living in a supposedly haunted house in Baraganore. They took alms to satisfy their hunger and their other needs were taken care of by Ramakrishna's richer householder disciples.
Wanderings in India
Soon, the young monks of Baraganore wanted to live the life of wandering monks with rags and a begging bowl and no other possessions. On July 1890, Vivekananda set out for a long journey, without knowing where the journey would take him. The journey that followed took him to the length and breadth of the Indian subcontinent. During these days, Vivekananda assumed various names like Swami Satchidananda, etc., It is said that he was given the name Vivekananda by Maharaja of Khetri for his discrimination of things, good and bad. He is affectionately called Swamiji by his admirers and devotees.
During these wandering days, Vivekananda stayed in king's palaces, as well as the huts of the poor. He came in close contact with the culture of different regions of India and various classes of people in India. Vivekananda observed the imbalance in society and tyranny in the name of caste. He realized the need for a national rejuvenation if India was to survive at all. He reached Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of the Indian subcontinent in 24 December 1892. There he swam across the sea and started meditating on a lone rock. He thus meditated for three days and said later that he meditated about the past, present and future of India. The rock went on to become the Vivekananda memorial at Kanyakumari.
Vivekananda went to Madras and spoke about his plans for India and Hinduism to the young men of Madras. They were impressed by the monk and urged him to go to the United States and represent Hinduism in the World Parliament of Religions. Thus, helped by his friends at Madras, Raja of Ramnad and Maharajas of Mysore and Khetri, Vivekananda set out on his journey to the USA.
In the west
Vivekananda perhaps, is best remembered as the man who "stole the show" at the 1893 World Parliament of Religions in Chicago, Illinois, where he earned wild applause for beginning his address with the famous words, "Sisters and brothers of America."Vivekananda's arrival in the USA has been identified by many to mark the beginning of western interest in Hinduism not as merely an exotic eastern oddity, but as a vital religious and philosophical tradition that might actually have something important to teach the West. Within a few years of the Parliament, he had started Vedantic centers in New York City, New York and London, lectured at major universities and generally kindled western interest in Hinduism. His success was not without controversy, much of it from Christian missionaries of whom he was fiercely critical, but some from Western academics and Indian journalists, who questioned his bombastic claims to have conquered America with theVedanta philosophy. After four years of constant touring, lecturing and retreats in the West, he came back to India in the year 1897.
Swami Vivekananda, moved by the spirit of America's Declaration of Independence, on July 4, 1898, wrote a poem titled, To the Fourth of July.
Move on, O Lord, in the resistless path!
Till the high noon overspreads the world,
Till every land reflects thy light,
Till men and women with uplifted head
behold their shackles broken, and
know in springtime joy, their life renewed.
Back in India
Vivekananda was overwhelmed by the reception he received on his return to India. In India, he delivered a series of lectures, and this set of lectures known as "Lectures from Colombo to Almora" is considered to have uplifted the morale of the then downtrodden Indian society. He founded the Ramakrishna Mission. This institution is now one of the largest monastic orders of Hindu society in India. However, there is also evidence that he bore great criticism from other orthodox Hindus for having traveled in the impure West. His contemporaries also questioned his motives, wondering whether the fame and glory of his Hindu evangelism compromised his orginal monastic vows. His enthusiasm for America and Britian, and his spiritual devotion to his motherland, caused significant tension in his last years. He once again toured the west from January 1899 to December 1900.
Death
He was 39 when he passed away in Mahasamadhi on July 4, 1902 at Belur Math near Kolkata.
Principles and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda
Vivekananda was a renowned thinker in his own right. One of his most important contributions was to demonstrate how Advaitin thinking is not merely philosophically far-reaching, but how it also has social, even political, consequences. One important lesson he claimed to receive from Ramakrishna was that "Jiva is Shiva " (each individual is divinity itself). This became his Mantra, and he coined the concept of daridra narayana seva - the service of God in and through (poor) human beings. If there truly is the unity of Brahmanunderlying all phenomena, then on what basis do we regard ourselves as better or worse, or even as better-off or worse-off, than others? - This was the question he posed to himself. Ultimately, he concluded that these distinctions fade into nothingness in the light of the oneness that the devotee experiences in Moksha. What arises then is compassion for those "individuals" who remain unaware of this oneness and a determination to help them.
Swami Vivekananda belonged to that branch of Vedanta that held that no-one can be truly free until all of us are. Even the desire for personal salvation has to be given up, and only tireless work for the salvation of others is the true mark of the enlightened person. He founded Sri Ramakrishna Math and Mission on the principle of Atmano Mokshartham Jagad-hitaya cha (आत्मनॊ मोक्षार्थम् जगद्धिताय च) (for one's own salvation and for the welfare of the World).
However, Vivekananda also pleaded for a strict separation between religion and government ("church and state"). Although social customs had been formed in the past with religious sanction, it was not now the business of religion to interfere with matters such as marriage, inheritance and so on. The ideal society would be a mixture of Brahmin knowledge, Kshatriya culture, Vaisya efficiency and the egalitarian Shudra ethos. Domination by any one led to different sorts of lopsided societies. Vivekananda did not feel that religion, nor, any force for that matter, should be used forcefully to bring about an ideal society, since this was something that would evolve naturally by individualistic change when the conditions were right.
The turban that Vivekananda used to wear is generally believed to be suggested by Maharaja of Khetri. But some followers of Ayyavazhi claim that Vivekananda visited the Swamithope Pathi during his visit to Kanyakumari in December 1892 and believe that he was impressed by the principles behind rituals of this monistic faith, such as wearing a head gear during worship in temple, worshipping in front of mirror etc., and started wearing a turban then on. Some also suggest that Vivekananda received some spiritual instructions from the disciples of Ayya Vaikundar. [1] There is no mention of this in Vivekananda's biographies or works. It is also said that while he was a child, he was impresssed by the turban of the horse cab driver, who used to ferry his father on his daily work. Subsequently when he renounced the world and took to sanyasa, he started using one himself.
Though it may not be obvious but Swami Vivekananda inspired India's (whom he loved so dearly) freedom struggle movement. His writings inspired a whole generation of freedom fighters in Bengal in particular and India at large. Most prominent were Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo and countless others.
Works of Swami Vivekananda
His books (compiled from lectures given around the world) on the four are very influential and still seen as fundamental texts for anyone interested in the Hindu practice of Yoga. His letters are of great literary and spiritual value. He was also a very good singer and a poet. He had composed many songs including his favorite "Kali the Mother". He used humor for his teachings and was also an excellent cook. His language is very free flowing and much of the charms of his original English letters have been destroyed by copybookish translation into Bengali. His own Bengali writings stand testimony to the fact that he believed that words - spoken or written should be for making things easier to understand rather than show off the speaker or writer's knowledge.
Interaction with contemporary giants
Many years after his death, Rabindranath Tagore (a prominent member of the Brahmo Samaj) had said: If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative. Incidentally, in the earlier years Tagore did not have much respect for Swami Vivekananda for his idol-worshipping.
On the other hand, Swamiji was not particularly impressed by Tagore, though he had been interacting with Tagore's father Maharshi Debendra Nath. Swamiji was a very good singer and used to sing lots of Bhajans, including about twelve written and composed by Tagore.
Another contemporary Sri Aurobindo, actually considered Swamiji as his mentor. While in Alipore Jail, Sri Aurobindo used to be visited by Swami Vivekananda in his meditation.Swamiji guided Sri Aurobindo's yoga.
Mahatma Gandhi who strived for a lot of reform in Hinduism himself, said: Swami Vivekananda's writings need no introduction from anybody. They make their own irresistible appeal.
Abroad, he has had some interactions with Max Mueller and Romain Rolland. The latter also wrote a book in 1930 entitled Vie de Vivekananda (Life of Vivekananda).
Quotes of Swami Vivekananda
- "Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this divinity within, by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or psychic control, or philosophy - by one, or more, or all of these - and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details."
- "The one theme of the Vedanta philosophy is the search after unity. The Hindu mind does not care for the particular; it is always after the general, nay, the universal. "what is it that by knowing which everything else is to be known." That is the one search."
- "Look upon every man, woman, and everyone as God. You cannot help anyone, you can only serve: serve the children of the Lord, serve the Lord Himself, if you have the privilege."
- "It may be that I shall find it good to get outside of my body -- to cast it off like a disused garment. But I shall not cease to work! I shall inspire men everywhere, until the world shall know that it is one with God."
- "Mankind ought to be taught that religions are but the varied expressions of THE RELIGION, which is Oneness, so that each may choose the path that suits him best."
Trivia about Swami Vivekananda
 | Swami Vivekananda was the first Indian to be invited to accept the chair of Oriental Philosophy at the Harvard University. |
| Jamshedji Tata set up the Tata Institute or the Indian Institute of Science on the Swami's advice. |
| India celebrates National Youth Day on his birthday |
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Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) was the foremost disciple of SWAMI VIVEKANANDA - A BIOGRAPHY
Swami Vivekananda had been born in Calcutta on 12th January 1863. The name of his family was Datta, and his parents gave him the name Narendranath; Naren for short.
When Naren was in his middle teens, he started going to college in Calcutta. He was a good-looking, athletic youth and extremely intelligent. He was also a fine singer and could play several musical instruments. Already, he showed a great power for leadership among the boys of his own age. His teachers felt sure that he was destined to make a mark on life.
In November 1881, he was invited to sing at a house where Ramakrishna was a guest. They had a brief conversation and Ramakrishna invited the young man to come and visit him at the Dakshineswar Temple, on the Ganga a few miles outside Calcutta, where he lived.
From the first, Naren was intrigued and puzzled by Ramakrishna's personality. He had never met anyone quite like this slender, bearded man in his middle forties who had the innocent directness of a child. He had about him an air of intense delight, and he was perpetually crying aloud or bursting into song to express his joy, his joy in God, the Mother Kali, who evidently existed for him as live presence. Ramakrishna's talk was a blend of philosophical subtlety and homely parable. He spoke with a slight stammer, in the dialect of his native Bengal village, and sometimes used coarse farmyard words with the simple frankness of a peasant.
For Ramakrishna, in his almost unimaginably high state of spiritual consciousness, Samadhi was a daily experience, and the awareness of God's presence never left him. Vivekananda recalls that, "I crept near him and asked him the question I had been asking others all my life: 'Do you believe in God, sir?' 'Yes,' he replied. 'Can you prove it, sir?' 'Yes.' 'How?' 'Because I see Him just as I see you here, only much more intensely.' That impressed me at once. For the first time, I found a man who dared to say that he saw God, that religion was a reality - to be felt, to be sensed in an infinitely more intense way than we can sense the world."
After this, Naren became a frequent visitor to Dakshineswar. He found himself gradually drawn into the circle of youthful disciples - most of them about his own age - whom Ramakrishna was training to follow the monastic life.
In 1885 Ramakrishna developed cancer of the throat. As it became increasingly evident that their Master would not be with them much longer, the young disciples drew more and more closely together. Naren was their leader.
On 15th August 1886, Ramakrishna uttered the name of Kali in clear ringing voice and passed into final Samadhi.
The boys felt that they must hold together, and a devotee found them a house at Baranagore, about halfway between Calcutta and Dakshineswar, which they could use for their monastery.
But gradually the boys became restless for the life of the wandering monk. With staff and begging bowl, they wandered all over India, visiting shrines and places of pilgrimage, preaching, begging, passing months of meditation in lonely huts. Sometimes they were entertained by Rajas or wealthy devotees; much more often, they shared the food of the very poor.
Such experiences were particularly valuable to Naren. During the years 1890-93 he acquired the firsthand knowledge of India.
At the end of May 1893 he sailed from Bombay, via Hong Kong and Japan, to Vancouver; from there he went on by train to Chicago, to join the Parliament of Religions to be held on 11 September, 1893.
This was probably the first time in the history of the world that representatives of all major religions had been brought together in one place, with freedom to express their beliefs. But Swamiji had no formal invitation to join the Parliament as a delegate. But Professor J. H. Wright of Harvard University assured him that he would be welcome at the Parliament even though he had no formal invitation: "To ask you, Swami, for credentials," the Professor remarked, "is like asking the sun if it has permission to shine."
When the Parliament opened, on the morning of 11th September, Vivekananda immediately attracted notice as one of the most striking figures seated on the platform, with his splendid robe, yellow turban, and handsome bronze face.
During the afternoon, Vivekananda rose to his feet. In his deep voice, he began, "Sisters and Brothers of America" - and the entire audience, many hundred people, clapped and cheered wildly for two whole minutes. A large gathering has its own strange kind of subconscious telepathy, and this one must have been somehow aware that it was in the presence of that most unusual of all beings, a man whose words express exactly what he is. When Vivekananda said, "Sisters and Brothers", he actually meant that he regarded the American women and men before him as his sisters and brothers: the well-worn oratorical phrase became simple truth.
As soon as they would let him, the Swami continued his speech. It was quite a short one, pleading for universal tolerance and stressing the common basis of all religions. When it was over, there was more, thunderous applause.
After the closing of the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda spent nearly two whole years lecturing in various parts of the eastern and central United States.
He met and made an impression on people of a more serious kind-Robert Ingersoll the agnostic, Nikola Tesla the inventor, Madam Calve the singer, and most important of all, he attracted a few students whose interest and enthusiasm were not temporary; who were prepared to dedicate the rest of their lives to the practice of his teaching.
He had a message to the West. He asked his hearers to forsake their materialism and learn from the ancient spirituality of the Hindus. What he was working for was an exchange of values. He recognised great virtues in the West - energy and initiative and courage - which he found lacking among Indians.
Vivekananda taught that God is within each one of us, and that each one of us was born to rediscover his own God-nature.
In August he sailed for France and England, and preached Vedanta, returning to New York in December. It was then that, at the urgent request of his devotees, he founded the first of the Vedanta Societies in America: the Vedanta Society of New York. (Vedanta means the non-dualistic philosophy which is expounded in the Vedas, the most ancient of Hindu scriptures.)
Vivekananda landed in Ceylon in the middle of January 1897. From there on, his journey to Calcutta was a triumphal progress. His countrymen had followed the accounts of his American lectures in the newspapers.
Indeed, one may claim that no Indian before Vivekananda had ever made Americans and Englishmen accept him on such terms - not as a subservient ally, not as an avowed opponent, but as a sincere well-wisher and friend, equally ready to teach and to learn, to ask for and to offer help. Who else had stood, as he stood, impartially between East and West, prizing the virtues and condemning the defects of both cultures?
On 1st May 1897, he called a meeting of the monastic and householder disciples of Ramakrishna in Calcutta in order to establish their work on an organized basis. What Vivekananda proposed was an integration of educational, philanthropic, and religious activities; and it was thus that the Ramakrishna Mission and the Ramakrishna Math, or monastery, came into existence. The Mission went to work immediately, taking part in famine and plague relief and founding its first hospitals and schools.
The Math was consecrated some time later, at Belur, a short distance downriver from Dakshineswar Temple, on the opposite bank of the Ganga. This Belur Math is still the chief monastery of the Ramakrishna Order, which now has 135 centres in different parts of India and the world including Japan, Europe and America, devoted either to the contemplative life or to social service, or to a combination of both. The Ramakrishna Mission has its own hospitals and dispensaries, its own colleges and high schools, industrial and agricultural schools, libraries and publishing houses, with monks of the Order in charge of them.
In June 1899, Vivekananda sailed for a second visit to the Western world.
By the time he returned to India, Vivekananda was a very sick man; he had said himself that he did not expect to live much longer.
Vivekananda' entered into Mahasamadhi in Belur Math on 4 July 1902.
The best introduction to Vivekananda is not, however, to read about him but to read him. The Swami's personality, with all its charm and force, its courageousness, its spiritual authority, its fury and its fun, comes through to you very strongly in his writing and recorded words.
Vivekananda was not only a great teacher with an international message; he was also a very great Indian, a patriot and an inspirer of his countrymen down to the present generation.
You can visit that room in Belur Math, India, in which Swamiji lived; it is still kept exactly as Vivekananda left it.
